This is the Chimpanzee
BIRDS!
The new age began in Padua and other urban communes of northern Italy in the 14th century, where lawyers and notaries imitated ancient Latin style and studied Roman archaeology. The key figure in this study of the classical heritage was PETRARCH, who spent most of his life attempting to understand ancient culture and captured the enthusiasm of popes, princes, and emperors who wanted to learn more of Italy's past. Petrarch's success stirred countless others to follow literary careers hoping for positions in government and high society. In the next generations, students of Latin rhetoric and the classics, later known as humanists, became chancellors of Venice and Florence, secretaries at the papal court, and tutors and orators in the despotic courts of northern Italy. Renaissance HUMANISM became the major intellectual movement of the period, and its achievements became permanent.
By the 15th century intensive study of the Greek as well as Latin classics, ancient art and archaeology, and classical history, had given Renaissance scholars a more sophisticated view of antiquity. The ancient past was now viewed as past, to be admired and imitated, but not to be revived.
In many ways, the period of the Renaissance saw a decline from the prosperity of the High Middle Ages. The Black Death (bubonic and pneumonic plague), which devastated Europe in the mid-14th century, reduced its population by as much as one-third, creating chaotic economic conditions. Labor became scarce, industries contracted, and the economy stagnated, but agriculture was put on a sounder basis as unneeded marginal land went out of cultivation. Probably the actual per capita wealth of the survivors of the Black Death rose in the second half of the 14th century. In general, the 15th century saw a modest recovery with the construction of palaces for the urban elites, a boom in the decorative arts, and renewed long-distance trade headed by Venice in the Mediterranean and the HANSEATIC LEAGUE in the north of Europe.
The culture of Renaissance Italy was distinguished by many highly competitive and advanced urban areas. Unlike England and France, Italy possessed no dominating capital city, but developed a number of centers for regional states: Milan for Lombardy, Rome for the Papal States, Florence and Siena for Tuscany, and Venice for northeastern Italy. Smaller centers of Renaissance culture developed around the brilliant court life at Ferrara, Mantua, and Urbino. The chief patrons of Renaissance art and literature were the merchant classes of Florence and Venice, which created in the Renaissance palace their own distinctive home and workplace, fitted for both business and rearing and nurture of the next generation of urban rulers. The later Renaissance was marked by a growth of bureaucracy, an increase in state authority in the areas of justice and taxation, and the creation of larger regional states. During the interval of relative peace from the mid-15th century until the French invasions of 1494, Italy experienced a great flowering of culture, especially in Florence and Tuscany under the MEDICI. The brilliant period of artistic achievement continued into the 16th century--the age of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian, and Michelangelo--but as Italy began to fall under foreign domination, the focus gradually shifted to other parts of Europe.
During the 15th century, students from many European nations had come to Italy to study the classics, philosophy, and the remains of antiquity, eventually spreading the Renaissance north of the Alps. Italian literature and art, even Italian clothing and furniture designs were imitated in France, Spain, England, the Netherlands, and Germany, but as Renaissance values came to the north, they were transformed. Northern humanists such as Desiderius ERASMUS of the Netherlands and John Colet (c. 1467-1519) of England planted the first seeds of the Reformation when they applied critical methods developed in Italy to the study of the New Testament.
No single philosophy or ideology dominated the intellectual life of the Renaissance. Early humanists had stressed a flexible approach to the problems of society and the active life in service of one's fellow human beings. In the second half of the 15th century, Renaissance thinkers such as Marsilio FICINO at the Platonic Academy in Florence turned to more metaphysical speculation. Though favored by the humanists, Plato did not replace Aristotle as the dominant philosopher in the universities. Rather there was an effort at philosophical syncretism, to combine apparently conflicting philosophies, and find common ground for agreement about the truth as did Giovanni PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA in his Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486). Renaissance science consisted mainly of the study of medicine, physics, and mathematics, depending on ancient masters, such as Galen, Aristotle, and Euclid. Experimental science in anatomy and alchemy led to discoveries both within and outside university settings.
Under the veneer of magnificent works of art and the refined court life described in BALDASSAIC CASTIGLIONE's Book of the Courtier, the Renaissance had a darker side. Warfare was common, and death by pestilence and violence was frequent. Interest in the occult, magic, and astrology was widespread, and the officially sanctioned persecution for witchcraft began during the Renaissance period. Many intellectuals felt a profound pessimism about the evils and corruptions of society as seen in the often savage humanist critiques of Giovanni Francesco Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459) and Desiderius Erasmus. Sir Thomas MORE, in his Utopia, prescribed the radical solution of a classless, communal society, bereft of Christianity and guided by the dictates of natural reason. The greatest Renaissance thinker, Nicolo MACHIAVELLI, in his Prince and Discourses, constructed a realistic science of human nature aiming at the reform of Italian society and the creation of a secure civil life. Machiavelli's republican principles informed by a pragmatic view of power politics and the necessity of violent change were the most original contribution of the Renaissance to the modern world.
The Renaissance lived on in established canons of taste and literature and in a distinctive Renaissance style in art, music, and architecture, the last often revived. It also provided the model of many-sided achievement of the creative genius, the "universal man," exemplified by Leonardo da Vinci or Leon Battista ALBERTI. Finally, the Renaissance spawned the great creative vernacular literature of the late 16th century: the earthy fantasies of RABELAIS, the worldly essays of MONTAIGNE, the probing analysis of the human condition in the plays of William SHAKESPEARE.
Melaka diketahui sebagai sebuah negeri bersejarah yang kaya dan dikenali sebagai lambang semangat perpaduan kebangsaan yang telah ditempa hasil ukiran dan tenunan sejarah yang unik. Melaka telah diasaskan oleh Parameswara (atau Raja Iskandar), pemerintah Melayu Temasik yang terakhir (Singapura pada masa dahulu) pada tahun 1396 apabila baginda dan pengikut-pengikutnya mengundurkan diri ke selat menuju ke Muar, dan kemudiannya ke Sungai Ujung sebelum singgah di Bertam iaitu berdekatan dengan muara Sungai Melaka.
Setelah mengetahui akan kedudukannya yang strategik, baginda memutuskan untuk menetap di situ dan menamakannya sebagai “Melaka” sempena nama sebuah pokok tempat baginda bersandar. Kesultanan Melaka adalah kedudukan yang istimewa dan penting dalam sejarah Malaysia. Perlantikannya menandakan permulaan baru kepada pemerintahan baru Melayu. Sebagai tempat kelahiran Kesultanan Melayu dan sejarah bandar Malaysia, Melaka merupakan tempat di mana Portugis, Belanda dan juga British memainkan peranan dalam melakar sejarah.
Melaka muncul sebagai sebuah kuasa perdagangan maritim hasil kerja keras Parameswara dan pengikut-pengikutnya. Melaka mula dikenali oleh pedagang-pedagang Islam dari Asia Barat dan India yang pada waktu itu menumpukan aktiviti mereka di Aru, Pedir, Pasai dan sepanjang perjalanan ke Timur, terutamanya Cina. Disebabkan kedudukannya yang strategik di Selat Melaka, ia telah berkembang sebagai pengkalan kapal dan pusat pertukaran barang dagangan dari Cina, Jepun, India, Arab dan Afrika Selatan.
Pada tahun 1511 ia telah jatuh ke tangan Portugis, dan kemudianya Belanda pada tahun 1641 dalam peperangan yang sengit. Pada tahun 1795, Melaka telah diberi kepada British untuk menghalangnya dari jatuh ke tangan Perancis apabila Netherland dijajah semasa Peperangan Napoleon. Selepas itu ia telah dikembalikan semula kepada Belanda pada tahun 1818 di bawah Perjanjian Vienna, tetapi akhirnya menjadi milik British, hasil pertukaran Bangkahulu, Sumatera kepada Belanda. Semenjak tahun 1826, Melaka bersama-sama Singapura dan juga Pulau Pinang diperintah oleh Kompeni Hindia Timur British di bawah pentadbiran Perjanjian Selat di Calcutta. Belanda, sebuah kuasa yang telah memerintah Melaka selama lebih satu kurun telah banyak mendirikan bangunan-bangunan yang melambangkan tinggalan mereka. Stadthuys adalah bekas tinggalan yang terunggul semasa zaman pemerintahan Belanda. Dewan bandar yang berwarna merah jambu ini adalah bangunan tinggalan Belanda yang tertua di Timur Jauh. Bersebelahan dengannya pula adalah Gereja Christ yang berwarna merah terang yang dibina dengan bata merah yang diimport dari Holland yang disalut dengan laserit. Kini, bangunan-bangunan, bersama-sama dengan tinggalan Portugis seperti A’ Famosa dan Gereja St. Paul telah menjadi ingatan yang terunggul melambangkan kehadiran kuasa-kuasa Eropah pada masa lalu di Melaka.
Selepas Perang Dunia ke 2, sentimen anti-koloni telah merebak di seluruh negara di kalangan nasionalis hingga terhasilnya Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan oleh Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, Perdana Menteri Malaysia yang pertama di Padang Pahlawan di Bandar Hilir Melaka pada 20 Februari 1956.
I love and respect u very much MS.G.G
I have the rememberence of those beautiful
moments i had in Asian.
Ms.Nivasini, Ms.Lakshmi, MS.sumangali
Ms.Renuka Ms.Maria I love u all and miss u a lot.
My friends Ravini, Kiran, Kamna, I miss u a lot
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